1. Tsze-kung said, "Kwan Chung, I apprehend, was wanting in virtue. When the duke Hwan caused his brother Kew to be killed, Kwan Chung was not able to die with him. Moreover, he became prime minister to Hwan."

2. The Master said, "Kwan Chung acted as prime minister to the duke Hwan, made him leader of all the princes, and united and rectified the whole empire. Down to the present day, the people enjoy the gifts which he conferred. But for Kwan Chung, we should now be wearing our hair dishevelled, and the lappets of our coats buttoning on the left side.

17. THE MERIT OF KWAN CHUNG:—A CONVERSATION WITH TSZE-LOO. 1. 公子纠, 'the duke's son Kew', but, to avoid the awkwardness of that rendering, I say—'his brother'. Hwan (the hon. ep. His name was 小白) and Kew had both been refugees in different states, the latter having been carried into Loo, away from the troubles and dangers of Ts'e, by the ministers, Kwan Chung and Shaou Hwuh. On the death of the prince of Ts'e, Hwan anticipated Kew, got to Ts'e, and took possession of the state. Soon after, he required the duke of Loo to put his brother to death, and to deliver up the two ministers, when Shaou (召here=邵). Hwuh chose to dash his brains out, and die with his master, while Kwan Chung returned gladly to Ts'e, took service with Hwan, became his prime minister, and made him supreme arbiter among the various chiefs of the empire. Such conduct was condemned by Tsze-loo. 死之 is a peculiar expression. 2. Conf. defends Kwan Chung, on the ground of the services which he rendered, using 仁in a different acceptation from that intended by the disciple. 九, upper 1st tone, explained in the dict. by 聚, synonymous with 合, though the 注疏 makes out more than nine assemblages of princes under the presidency of duke Hwan. 如其仁=谁如其仁者, as in the translation.

3. "Will you require from him the small fidelity of common men and common women, who would commit suicide in a stream or ditch, no one knowing anything about them?"