1. When he was waiting at court, in speaking with the officers of the lower grade, he spake freely, but in a straightforward manner; in speaking with the officers of the higher grade, he did so blandly, but precisely.

2. When the prince was present, his manner displayed respectful uneasiness; it was grave, but selfpossessed.

HEADING OF THIS BOOK.—乡党第十. 'The village, No. 10.' This book is different in its character from all the others in the work. It contains hardly any sayings of Confucius, but is description of his ways and demeanour in a variety of places and circumstances. It is not uninteresting, but, as a whole, it does not heighten our veneration for the sage. We seem to know him better from it, and to Western minds, after being viewed in his bedchamber, his undress, and at his meals, he becomes divested of a good deal of his dignity and reputation. There is something remarkable about the style. Only in one passage is he styled 子, 'The Master'. He appears either as 孔子, 'The philosopher , K'ung', or as 君子, 'The superior man'. A suspicion is thus raised that the chronicler had not the same relation to him as the compilers of the other books. Anciently, the book formed only one chapter, but it is now arranged under seventeen divisions. Those divisions, for convenience in the translation, I continue to denominate chapters, which is done also in some native editions.

1. DEMEANOUR OF CONFUCIUS IN HIS VILLAGE, IN THE ANCESTRAL TEMPLE, AND IN THE COURT. 1. In the dict., quoting from a record of 'the former Han dyn., the 乡 contained 2500 families, and the 党 only 500, but the two terms are to be taken here together, indicating the residence of the Sage's relatives. His native place in Loo is doubtless intended, and perhaps the original seat of his family in Sung. 恂恂如 is expl. by Wang Suh 'mild-like', and by Choo He, as in the transl., thinking probably that, with that meaning, it suited the next clause better. 2. 便, read p'een, lower 1st tone=辩, 'to debate', 'to discriminate accurately'. 尔=耳. In those two places of high ceremony and of government, it became the sage, it is said, to be precise and particular. Comp. III. 15.

2. DEMEANOUR OF CONFUCIUS AT COURT WITH OTHER OFFICERS, AND BEFORE THE PRINCE. 1. 朝 may be taken here as a verb, lit.= 'courting'. It was the custom for all the officers to repair at daybreak to the court, and wait for the prince to give them audience. 大夫, 'great officer', was a general name, applicable to all the higher ministers in a court. At the imperial court they were divided into three classes,—'highest', 'middle', and 'lowest', 上, 中, 下, but the various princes had only the first and third. Of the first order there were properly three, the 乡 or nobles of the state, who were in Loo the chiefs of the 'three families'. Confucius belonged himself to the lower grade. 2. 踧踖, 'the feet moving uneasily', indicating the respectful anxiety of the mind. 与, low. 1st tone, here appears in the phrase 与与如也, in a new sense.