1. Fan Ch'e asked about benevolence. The Master said, "It is to love all men." He asked about knowledge. The Master said, "It is to know all men."

2. Fan Ch'e did not immediately understand these answers.

21. HOW TO EXALT VIRTUE, CORRECT VICE, AND DISCOVER DELUSIONS. Comp. ch. 10. Here, as there, under the last point of the inquiry, Conf. simply indicates a case of delusion, and perhaps that is the best way to teach how to discover delusions generally. 1. 舞雩, see XI. 25, 11; followed here by 之下, there must be reference to the trees growing about the altars. 慝, formed from 'heart' and 'to conceal', = secret vice. 3. 先事后得,—comp. with 先难后获, in VI. 20, which also is the report of a conversation with Fan Ch'e. 其恶,—其=已, 'himself', 'his own'. 'A morning's anger' must be a small thing, but the consequences of giving way to it are very terrible. The case is one of great delusion.

22. ABOUT BENEVOLENCE AND WISDOM;—HOW KNOWLEDGE SUBSERVES BENEVOLENCE. Fan Ch'e might well deem the Master's replies enigmatical, and, with the help of Tsze-hea's explanations, the student still finds it difficult to understand the chapter. 1. 仁here, being opposed to, or distinct from, 知, is to be taken as meaning 'benevolence', and not as 'perfect virtue'. 2. 未, 'not yet', i.e., not immediately. 3. See II. 19. 4. 乡, up. 3d tone, in the dict. explained by 昔, 'formerly'. 6. Kaou-yaou, and E-yin,—see the Shooking, II. iii, and III. iv. Shun and T'ang showed their wisdom—their knowledge of men—in the selection of those ministers. That was their employment of the upright, and therefore all devoid of virtue disappeared. That was their making the crooked upright;—and so their love reached to all.

3. The Master said, "Employ the upright and put aside all the crooked; —in this way, the crooked can be made to be upright."

4. Fan Ch'e retired, and seeing Tsze-hea, he said to him, "A little ago, I had an interview with our Master, and asked him about knowledge. He said, 'Employ the upright, and put aside all the crooked;—in this way, the crooked can be made to be upright.' What did he mean?"

5. Tsze-hea said, "Truly rich is his saying!

6. "Shun, being in possession of the empire, selected from among all the people and employed Kaou-yaou, on which all who were devoid of virtue disappeared. T'ang being in possession of the empire, selected from among all the people, and employed E-yin, and all who were devoid of virtue disappeared."