1. Kih Tsze-shing said, "In a superior man it is only the substantial qualities which are wanted;—why should we seek for ornamental accomplishments?"

7. REQUISITES IN GOVERNMENT:—A CONVERSATION WITH TSZE-CHANG. 1. 兵primarily means 'weapons'. 'A soldier', the bearer of such weapons, is a secondary meaning. There were no standing armies in Conf. time. The term is to be taken here, as= 'military equipment', 'preparation for war'. 信之,—之refers to 其上, 'their ruler'. 3. The difficulty here is with the concluding clause—无信不立. Transferring the mean. of 信 from par. 1, we naturally render as in the transl., and 不立=国不立, 'the state will not stand'. This is the view, moreover, of the old interpreters. Choo He and his followers, however, seek to make much more of 信. On the 1st par. he comments,—'The granaries being full, and the military preparation complete, then let the influence of instruction proceed. So shall the people have faith in their ruler, and will not leave him or rebel.' On the 3d par. he says,—'If the people be without food, they must die, but death is the inevitable lot of men. If they are without 信, though they live, they have not wherewith to establish themselves. It is better for them in such case to die. Therefore it is better for the ruler to die, not losing faith to his people, so that the people will prefer death rather than lose faith to him.'

8. SUBSTANTIAL QUALITIES AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS IN THE KEUN-TSZE. 1. Tsze-shing was an officer of the state of Wei, and, distressed by the pursuit in the times of what was merely external, made this not sufficiently wellconsidered remark, to which Tsze-kung replied, in, acc. to Choo He, an equally one-sided manner. 1. 何以文为 is thus expanded in the 注疏,—何用文章乃为君子, 'why use accomplishments in order to make a Keun-tsze?' 2. We may interpret this par., as in the transl., putting a comma after 说. So, Choo He. But the old interpr. seem to have read right on, without any comma, to 也, in which case the par. would be—'alas! sir, for the way in which you speak of the superior man!' And this is the most natural construction. 3. The mod. comm. seem hypercritical in condemning Tszekung's language here. He shows the desirableness of the ornamental accomplishments, but does not necessarily put them on the same level with the substantial qualities.

2. Tsze-kung said, "Alas! Your words, sir, show you to be a superior man, but four horses cannot overtake the tongue.

3. "Ornament is as substance; substance is as ornament. The hide of a tiger or leopard stript of its hair, is like the hide of a dog or goat stript of its hair."