1. Tsze-loo said, "The Duke Hwan caused his brother Kew to be killed, when Shaou Hw?h died with his master, but Kwan Chung did not die. May not I say that he was wanting in virtue?"

15. CONDEMNATION OF TSANG WOO-CHUNG FOR FORCING A FAVOUR FROM HIS PRINCE. Woo-chung (see ch. 13) was obliged to fly from Loo, by the animosity of the Māng family, and took refuge in Choo (邾). As the head of the Tsang family, it devolved on him to offer the sacrifices in the ancestral temple, and he wished one of his half-brothers to be made the head of the family, in his room, that those might not be neglected. To strengthen the application for this, which he contrived to get made, he returned himself to the city of Fang, which belonged to his family, and thence sent a message to the court, which was tantamount to a threat that if the application were not granted, he would hold possession of the place. This was what Confucius condemned,—the 以防 in a matter which should have been left to the duke's grace. See all the circumstances in 左传, 襄公二十三年. 要, up. 1st tone, as in ch. 13, but with a diff. meaning, =勒, 'to force to do'.

16. THE DIFFERENT CHARACTERS OF THE DUKES WAN OF TSIN AND HWAN OF TS'E. Hwan and Wǎn were the two first of the five leaders of the princes of the empire, who play an important part in Chinese history, during the period of the Chow dynasty known as the Ch'un Ts'ew (春秋). Hwan ruled in Ts'e, B.C. 683-640, and Wǎn in Tsin B.C. 635-627. Of duke Hwan, see the next ch. The attributes mentioned by Conf. are not to be taken absolutely, but as respectively predominating in the two chiefs.

2. The Master said, "The duke Hwan assembled all the princes together, and that not with weapons of war and chariots:—it was all through the influence of Kwan Chung. Whose beneficence was like his? Whose beneficence was like his?"