Confucius said, "There are three things which the superior man guards against. In youth, when the physical powers are not yet settled,

5. THREE SOURCES OF ENJOYMENT ADVANTAGEOUS, AND THREE INJURIOUS. Here we have 乐 with three pronunciations and in three different meanings. The leading word is read ngaou, low. 3d tone, 'to have enjoyment in', as in VI. 21. In 礼乐, it is go?, 'music'. The two others are 乐, lo?, 'joy', 'to delight in'. 节礼乐,—节=节之, i.e., it is a verb, 'to discriminate'; 'to mark the divisions of'. The idea is that ceremonies and music containing in them the principles of propriety and harmony, the study of them could not but be beneficial to the student himself, as having to exemplify both of those things. 骄, primarily, a 'tall horse', often used for 'proud'; here,=vain and extravagant self-indulgence. 宴, 'feasting', including, says a gloss, 'eating, drinking, music, women, &c'.

6. THREE ERRORS IN REGARD TO SPEECH TO BE AVOIDED IN THE PRESENCE OF THE GREAT. 君子, according to Choo He, denotes here 'a man both of rank and virtue'. 'Without looking at the conntenance',—i.e., to see whether he is paying attention or not.—The general principle is that there is a time to speak. Let that be observed, and these three errors will be avoided.

7. THE VICES WHICH YOUTH, MANHOOD, AND AGE, HAVE TO GUARD AGAINST. 血气, 'blood and breath'. In the 中庸, XXI, 凡有血气者= 'all human beings'. Here the phrase is equivalent to 'the physical powers'. On未定, 'not yet settled', the gloss in the 备旨 is—方动之时, 'the time when they are moving most'. As to what causal relation Conf. may have supposed to exist between the state of the physical powers, and the several vices indicated, that is not developed. Hing Ping explains the first—

he guards against lust. When he is strong and the physical powers are full of vigour, he guards against quarrelsomeness. When he is old, and the animal powers are decayed, he guards against covetousness."